Immunosuppression: Cause for Failures of Vaccines against African Trypanosomiases
نویسندگان
چکیده
Antibodies to the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) are required for the control of African trypanosomes infecting the blood, whereas infections of the skin by low numbers of trypanosomes are controlled by innate resistance and do not require antibodies for their control. Low numbers of trypanosomes infecting the skin, although being killed by innate resistance, do not induce protection, but enhance susceptibility to re-infections due to suppression of innate resistance by adaptive immune responses. We propose to pursue a vaccine strategy that overcomes the induction of immunosuppression but induces a Th1 imprint for protective immunity. We suggest that intradermal immunization with an optimally low dose of antigens of the whole parasite is necessary but not sufficient. We suggest that the immunization has to be accompanied by a treatment that inhibits the arginase pathway of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), but modestly enhances their inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathway to induce Th1 memory cells specific for crucial common antigens, which enhance innate resistance.
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عنوان ژورنال:
دوره 7 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2013